Focus: Longevity, early risk detection, cardiometabolic health
Context: Indian adults, asymptomatic, prevention first
1. Cardiovascular Health
| Test |
Frequency |
Optimal / Action Threshold |
Purpose |
| Blood Pressure |
Every visit / annually |
Optimal <120/80 mmHg, act if ≥130/80 |
Checks pressure inside arteries; high values silently damage heart, brain, kidneys |
| Lipid Profile (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG) |
Annually |
LDL-C <100 mg/dL, TG <150 mg/dL |
Measures blood fats that contribute to artery blockage |
| Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) |
Annually |
Optimal <80 mg/dL, high risk ≥100 |
Counts harmful cholesterol particles that enter artery walls |
| Lipoprotein(a) |
Once in lifetime (repeat post-menopause in women) |
Elevated ≥30 mg/dL |
Detects inherited risk for early heart disease |
| hs-CRP |
Annually |
Low risk <1.0 mg/L, high ≥3.0 |
Detects hidden inflammation damaging blood vessels |
| ECG |
Annually |
Any new abnormality |
Screens heart rhythm and electrical activity |
| Echocardiogram |
Every 2–3 years |
Structural or EF abnormality |
Ultrasound to check heart size, pumping strength, and valves |
| CAC Score |
Every 3–5 years |
0 ideal, >100 high risk |
Measures actual calcium plaque in heart arteries |
| Stress Echo (Also called TMT) |
Every 2–3 years (selective) |
Abnormal wall motion |
Checks blood flow to heart during exercise or stress |
Derived metric:
- Triglyceride/HDL ratio (from lipid profile)
Optimal <2.0; insulin resistance likely if >3.0
| Test |
Frequency |
Optimal / Action Threshold |
Purpose |
| Fasting Glucose |
Annually |
Optimal <100 mg/dL |
Measures current blood sugar level |
| HbA1c |
Annually |
Optimal <5.7% |
Shows average blood sugar over 3 months |
| Fasting Insulin |
Annually |
Optimal <5–10 μU/mL |
Detects early insulin resistance before diabetes |
Calculated index:
- HOMA-IR = fasting glucose × insulin / 405
Optimal <1.5–2.0
Purpose: quantifies how hard insulin is working to control sugar
3. Inflammation, Micronutrients, Aging Markers
| Test |
Frequency |
Optimal / Action Threshold |
Purpose |
| Serum Ferritin |
Annually |
40–100 ng/mL |
Measures iron stores; low levels cause fatigue even with normal hemoglobin |
| Homocysteine |
Annually |
<10–12 μmol/L |
Signals vitamin B12/folate deficiency and vascular aging |
| Vitamin D (25-OH) |
Annually |
40–80 ng/mL |
Assesses vitamin D status for bones, immunity, muscles |
| Serum Calcium (total) |
Annually |
Lab reference range |
Safety check during vitamin D supplementation |
| Vitamin B12 |
Annually |
>500 pg/mL |
Supports nerve function, energy, cognition |
Notes:
- Calcium is a safety marker, not a vitamin D absorption test
- Add PTH only if vitamin D is low or calcium abnormal
4. Liver, Kidney, Thyroid
| Test |
Frequency |
Optimal / Action Threshold |
Purpose |
| Kidney Function Test (KFT) |
Annually |
eGFR >90 |
Checks kidney filtration and waste removal |
| Liver Function Test (LFT) |
Annually |
ALT/AST <25–30 U/L |
Detects fatty liver, alcohol or medication stress |
| TSH |
Annually |
Ideal ~0.5–2.5 mIU/L |
Screens thyroid hormone balance affecting energy and weight |
Add T3 and T4 only if TSH abnormal or symptoms present
5. Female-Specific Additions
| Test |
Frequency |
Action Threshold |
Purpose |
| Mammogram |
Every 1–2 years after 40 |
BI-RADS ≥3 |
Early detection of breast cancer |
| Pap Smear |
Every 3 years |
Any abnormal result |
Detects cervical cancer early |
| HPV DNA Test |
Every 5 years |
Positive |
Identifies cancer-causing HPV infection |
| Bone Density (DEXA) |
Once post-menopause, repeat per risk |
T-score ≤-2.5 |
Measures bone strength and fracture risk |
| Ferritin focus |
Annual |
<40 ng/mL |
Iron deficiency common in women |
| Thyroid vigilance |
Annual |
Abnormal TSH |
Higher thyroid disorder risk in women |
6. Male-Specific Additions
| Test |
Frequency |
Action Threshold |
Purpose |
| PSA |
Annually after 45 |
0–3.5 ng/mL |
Screens prostate health and cancer risk |
Interpretation Guide (High-Level)
Cardiovascular
- High ApoB with normal LDL = too many harmful particles
- CAC >0 indicates existing artery disease
- High Lp(a) requires stricter cholesterol control
- Normal sugar but high insulin = early metabolic trouble
- Rising HbA1c predicts future diabetes
Inflammation
- hs-CRP >2 mg/L suggests vascular inflammation
- High homocysteine accelerates aging and brain decline
Nutrients
- Vitamin D <30 ng/mL needs correction
- High calcium with supplements suggests overdose risk
- B12 <400 pg/mL can cause nerve damage
Liver and Kidney
- Mildly high ALT often signals fatty liver
- Falling eGFR trend matters more than a single value
Key Principles
- Separate measured tests from calculated indices
- Avoid unnecessary annual imaging
- Track trends over time
- Act early before disease appears